IL-6
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates immune response, acute inflammation, tissue regeneration, metabolism, and stromal activation[1][2]. Mechanistically, IL-6 binds IL-6Rα and recruits gp130, activating JAK/STAT3 signaling and downstream transcriptional programs[1][3]. Disease relevance depends strongly on receptor context: membrane IL-6Rα supports classic signaling, whereas soluble IL-6Rα enables trans-signaling in gp130-expressing cells and drives pro-inflammatory activity[1][4]. Compared with these receptor forms, gp130 is broadly expressed, while IL-6R expression is restricted to selected cells such as hepatocytes and leukocytes, explaining cell-type-selective responsiveness[1]. In vascular endothelial cells, IL-6 trans-signaling induces MCP-1 through coordinated JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT activation[5]. In proliferative vitreoretinopathy models, IL-6 promotes retinal pigment epithelial proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through JAK1/STAT3 signaling[6]. For experimental intervention, tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6R antibody, blocks IL-6 signaling and improves rheumatoid arthritis outcomes in controlled clinical studies[7][8].
References:
- [1]. Rose-John S. IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor: importance for the pro-inflammatory activities of IL-6. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(9):1237-47. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.4989. Epub 2012 Oct 24. PMID: 23136552; PMCID: PMC3491447. et al. IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor: importance for the pro-inflammatory activities of IL-6. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(9):1237-47. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Danese S, et al. Interleukin-6: a therapeutic Jekyll and Hyde in gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases. Gut. 2010 Feb;59(2):149-51. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Reeh H, et al. Response to IL-6 trans- and IL-6 classic signalling is determined by the ratio of the IL-6 receptor α to gp130 expression: fusing experimental insights and dynamic modelling. Cell Commun Signal. 2019 May 17;17(1):46. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Maes M, et al. Targeting classical IL-6 signalling or IL-6 trans-signalling in depression? Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2014 May;18(5):495-512. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Zegeye MM, et al. Activation of the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathways are crucial for IL-6 trans-signaling-mediated pro-inflammatory response in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal. 2018 Sep 5;16(1):55. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Chen X, et al. Interleukin-6 promotes proliferative vitreoretinopathy by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Vis. 2020 Jul 29;26:517-529. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Ohsugi Y, et al. The recombinant humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab, an innovative drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008 May;8(5):669-81. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Emery P, et al. IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Nov;67(11):1516-23. [Content Brief]
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IL-6 Related Products (436)
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Recombinant Proteins (23)
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Resatorvid
0 ImagesSynonyms: TAK-242; CLI-095Resatorvid (TAK-242) is a selective Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor. Resatorvid inhibits NO, TNF-α and IL-6 production with IC50s of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Resatorvid downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF. Resatorvid inhibits autophagy and plays pivotal role in various inflammatory diseases.
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Necrosulfonamide
0 ImagesNecrosulfonamide is a MLKL and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) inhibitor, capable of separately inhibiting necroptosis and pyroptosis of cells. Necrosulfonamide does not affect the activation of upstream signals, but specifically inhibits the downstream executor oligomerization step. Necrosulfonamide reduces the expression of the key kinases NLRP3 and caspase-1 involved in necroptosis and pyroptosis, activate the Nrf2 pathway and the downstream antioxidant enzymes, and also downregulates a variety of inflammatory factors. Necrosulfonamide plays significant roles in various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson’s disease), tissue damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis and fracture repair, and hair loss by regulating two important programmed necrosis pathways.
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Tocilizumab
0 ImagesSynonyms: Anti-Human IL6R, Humanized Antibody; RG-1569; rhPM-1Tocilizumab (Anti-Human IL6R, Humanized Antibody) is an anti-human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) neutralizing antibody, prevents binding of IL-6 to the IL-6R, thereby inhibiting both classic and trans-signaling. Tocilizumab (Anti-Human IL6R, Humanized Antibody) can be used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Tocilizumab is remarkablely effective for the study of severe COVID-19 (coronavirus disease).
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Omeprazole
0 ImagesSynonyms: H 16868Omeprazole (H 16868) is an orally active H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor and a proton pump inhibitor. Omeprazole competitively inhibits CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 activity. Omeprazole inhibits gastric acid secretion and can be used for acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, autophagosome accumulation (elevated LC3-I and LC3-II levels), oxidative stress, and cytogenetic imbalance, modulates lysosomal transport, reduces inflammatory cytokines. Omeprazole alters small intestinal morphology and magnesium absorption, and induces gastric mucosa morphologic changes. Omeprazole aslo has neuroprotective and antibacterial effects.
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Theophylline
0 ImagesTheophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
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THR-123 TFA
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-P11354ATHR-123 TFA is an orally active ALK3 peptide agonist. THR-123 TFA has a relatively weak binding to ALK2, but does not bind to ALK6. THR-123 TFA suppresses inflammation, Apoptosis and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program and reverses established fibrosis in five mouse models of acute and chronic renal injury. THR-123 TFA can be used for the study of kidney fibrosis.
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APH02174 hemiformic
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-174455AAPH02174 hemiformic is a highly selective and orally active IRAK4 PROTAC degrader with the DC50 of 4.01 nM in THP-1 cells. APH02174 hemiformic blocks inflammatory signals by inhibiting IL-6 release. APH02174 hemiformic can be used for research on inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis vulgaris and rheumatoid arthritis.
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TSLP modulator-1
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-181006Purity: 99.61%TSLP modulator-1 (Compound 14O) is a potent TSLP signaling modulator. TSLP modulator-1 exhibits potent inhibition of CCL17 and IL-1β mRNA expression. TSLP modulator-1 attenuates the protein levels of IL-6, IL-4 and IL-13. TSLP modulator-1 significantly attenuates calcium influx. TSLP modulator-1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects. TSLP modulator-1 effectively alleviates pruritus and atopic dermatitis-like symptoms.
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N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine
0 ImagesN-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine (N-Acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose), the D isomer of N-acetylglucosamine, is an orally active monosaccharide derivative of glucose with anti-tumor and anti-inflammation properties. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine is also a bacterial metabolite, which is found in Escherichia coli. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine can induce yeast-mycelial conversion in Candida albicans. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine also enhances healing of cartilaginous injuries in rabbits.
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JTE-607
0 ImagesJTE-607, a highly selective inflammatory cytokine synthesis inhibitor, protects from endotoxin shock in mice. JTE-607 inhibits inflammatory cytokine production, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, from LPS-stimulated human PBMCs, with IC50s of 11, 5.9, 8.8, 7.3 and 9.1 nM, respectively. Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor 3 (CPSF3) is the target of JTE-607.
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Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate
0 ImagesHydrocortisone hemisuccinate (Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate), a glucocorticoid, is an orally active steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (SAID) with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate inhibits the bioactivity of IL-6 and IL-3 with IC50 values of 6.7 and 21.4 μM, respectively. Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate can be used in the study of ulcerative colitis (UC) and recurrent oral ulcers.
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SC144
0 ImagesSC144 is a first-in-class, orally active gp130 (IL6-beta) inhibitor. SC144 binds gp130, induces gp130 phosphorylation (S782) and deglycosylation, abrogates Stat3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and further inhibits the expression of downstream target genes. SC144 shows potent inhibition of gp130 ligand-triggered signaling. SC144 induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells.
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Alvelestat
0 ImagesSynonyms: AZD9668Alvelestat (AZD9668) is an orally active, selective inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. Alvelestat reduces elastase activity, myeloperoxidase release, neutrophil recruitment and activation, and calcium phosphate precipitation; promotes smooth muscle cell colonization and collagen deposition; and inhibits the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as well as NET-derived neutrophil elastase activity. Alvelestat restores endothelial dysfunction, regulates antioxidant factors, improves the expression of endothelial tight junctions, reduces vascular leakage, and accelerates wound healing. Alvelestat prevents pulmonary hemorrhage, matrix protein degradation, airspace enlargement, and small airway wall remodeling; and alleviates cigarette-induced inflammatory responses. Alvelestat inhibits the growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms exacerbated by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Alvelestat can be used in research related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, radiation-induced skin injury, and bronchiectasis.
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Golimumab
0 ImagesSynonyms: CNTO-148Golimumab (CNTO-148) is a potent human IgG1 TNFα antagonist monoclonal antibody. Golimumab has anti-inflammation activitity and inhibits IL-6 and IL-1β production. Golimumab acts via targeting and neutralizing TNF to prevent inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. Golimumab has the anticancer activity and induces cell apoptosis. Golimumab can be used for rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and cancer research.
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VJDT
0 ImagesVJDT is a TREM1 inhibitor that can effectively block TREM1 signaling. VJDT inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration and induces cell cycle arrest. VJDT has immunomodulatory and antitumor activities, and can be used for the research of tumors such as melanoma.
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Pyrrothiogatain
0 ImagesPyrrothiogatain is a transcription factor GATA3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 54.7 μM. Pyrrothiogatain inhibits the DNA-binding activity of GATA3 and inhibits the T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation and expression of Th2 cytokines. Pyrrothiogatain shows anti-infection effect by inhibiting ACE2 expression. Pyrrothiogatain can be used for the researches of inflammation, immunology, infection and cancer, such as colon cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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IRBP(651-670) human, mouse
0 ImagesIRBP (651-670) human, mouse is an epitope and uveitis inducer naturally processed from the conserved region of native IRBP. IRBP (651-670) human, mouse increases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in ocular tissues (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-17A and IL-17F). IRBP (651-670) human, mouse is a IRBP fragment conserved among human, mouse and bovine species. IRBP (651-670) human, mouse induces experimental autoimmune uveitis. IRBP (651-670) human, mouse is applicable to research related to experimental autoimmune uveitis.
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Bivalirudin
0 ImagesBivalirudin, a hirudin analog and anticoagulant, is a direct thrombin inhibitor. Bivalirudin inhibits thrombin-mediated fibrinogen cleavage, coagulation factor activation, and platelet activation by reversibly binding to thrombin. In addition, Bivalirudin also has certain effects of anti-virus, anti-inflammation, and vascular endothelial barrier function protection. Bivalirudin can be used for the research of thrombotic diseases and others.
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Alendronic acid
0 ImagesAlendronate acid is an orally active bisphosphonate which binds to bone surfaces and inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Alendronate acid induces skeletal alterations in the chicken embryonic development model. Alendronate acid can be used for osteoporosis research.
